彼は ___ ながらに、全てを知っていた。
The correct answer is 「居」. The pattern 「V-ながらに」 (often with specific verbs like 「居る」 (iru) or 「生きる」 (ikiru), or certain nouns) means "while remaining in that state" or "without moving/changing." 「居ながらに」 (inagara ni) specifically means "without leaving one's place" or "while staying put." So, "He knew everything without moving from his spot." 「知らながらに」 is not a standard grammar pattern. 「昔ながらに」 (mukashi nagara ni) means "in the traditional way," which doesn't fit the context. 「涙ながらに」 (namida nagara ni) means "while crying/in tears," which is also irrelevant to knowing without moving.
正解は「居」です。「居ながらに」は「その場を動かずに」「そのままの状態で」という意味を表す慣用表現です。「彼はその場にいながら、全てを知っていた」となるので適切です。「知らながらに」は文法的に正しくありません。「昔ながらに」は「昔からの方法で」という意味で文脈に合いません。「涙ながらに」は「涙を流しながら」という意味で、これも文脈に合いません。
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