The author's central argument is a critique of the modern obsession with immediate, practical benefits ('役に立つこと'). The passage repeatedly contrasts short-term economic gains with the long-term, often unforeseeable, benefits of 'useless' knowledge in both basic sciences and the humanities. The correct answer accurately summarizes this core problem. Option 2 is incorrect because the author champions both humanities and basic sciences, not placing one above the other. Option 3 is a part of the author's concern, but it's a specific example (education) of the broader societal problem, which is the overvaluation of utility. The main point is the societal trend itself. Option 4 is not mentioned; the author uses historical examples of science, but doesn't claim historical knowledge itself is being underutilized in technology.