Quadruple VS
Synonym Boundary: "はしる", "営む", "駆ける", "こき下ろす"
All represent the core concept "run", but require precise selection.
Japanese Option A
はしる
はしる (hashiru)
N5 / CEFR
Japanese Option B
営む
いとなむ (itonamu)
N2 / CEFR
Japanese Option C
駆ける
かける (kakeru)
N2 / CEFR
Japanese Option D
こき下ろす
こきおろす (kokiorosu)
C1 / CEFR
Quadruple VS Nuance Contrast & Social Differences
When expressing "run" in Japanese, you must carefully distinguish between "はしる", "営む", "駆ける", "こき下ろす" based on context.
- はしる (はしる (hashiru) - Level: N5): Maps to "to run" and is used when Common verb for physical movement, typically for people or animals. Often used in the form '走る.
- 営む (いとなむ (itonamu) - Level: N2): Maps to "to run (a business), to operate, to carry on (a life/livelihood)" and is used when ビジネスや生活など、継続的な活動を行うことを表します。.
- 駆ける (かける (kakeru) - Level: N2): Maps to "to run (quickly), to gallop, to dash" and is used when Implies running quickly or at a full dash, often with a sense of urgency or speed. More dynamic and emphasizes speed compared to 走る.
- こき下ろす (こきおろす (kokiorosu) - Level: C1): Maps to "to run down, criticize" and is used when Essential structural term in CEFR C1 vocabulary syllabus..
Context for "はしる"
彼は毎日公園を走ります。
He runs in the park every day.
Context for "営む"
父は小さなカフェを営んでいる。
My father runs a small cafe.
Context for "駆ける"
遅刻しそうだったので、駅まで全速力で駆けた。
I was about to be late, so I dashed to the station at full speed.
Context for "こき下ろす"
毎日、日本語を練習するためにこき下ろす。
Every day, I run down, criticize to practice Japanese.
Synonym Mastery Challenge
Which Japanese word perfectly fits this blank space?
Fill in the blank: "彼は毎日公園を走ります。" (Meaning: "He runs in the park every day.")
🎉 Correct Answer!
Remember: "はしる" is correct here because it represents "to run" in the context: "He runs in the park every day.".